Contribution of an alternative 16S rRNA helix to biogenesis of the 30S subunit of the ribosome

Abstract

30S subunits become inactive upon exposure to low Mg²⁺ concentration, because of a reversible conformational change that entails nucleotides (nt) in the neck helix (h28) and 3′ tail of 16S rRNA. This active-to-inactive transition involves partial unwinding of h28 and repairing of nt 921–923 with nt 1532–1534, which requires flipping of the 3′ tail by ∼180°. Growing evidence suggests that immature 30S particles adopt the inactive conformation in the cell, and transition to the active state occurs at a late stage of maturation. Here, we target nucleotides that form the alternative helix (hALT) of the inactive state. Using an orthogonal ribosome system, we find that disruption of hALT decreases translation activity in the cell modestly, by approximately twofold, without compromising ribosome fidelity. Ribosomes carrying substitutions at positions 1532–1533 support the growth of Escherichia coli strain Δ7 prrn (which carries a single rRNA operon), albeit at rates 10%–20% slower than wild-type ribosomes. These mutant Δ7 prrn strains accumulate free 30S particles and precursor 17S rRNA, indicative of biogenesis defects. Analysis of purified control and mutant subunits suggests that hALT stabilizes the inactive state by 1.2 kcal/mol with little-to-no impact on the active state or the transition state of conversion.