Tuning tRNA synthetase inhibition reveals parabolic induction of stress granules limited in size and RNA content

Model depicting stress granule assembly as a result of translation initiation inhibition and translation elongation activity. Typical stresses (e.g., arsenite, thapsigargin) cause translation initiation suppression via eIF2α phosphorylation, and ribosome runoff drives stress granule assembly (left). Elongation stresses (e.g., tRNA synthetase inhibition) also induce eIF2α phosphorylation but inhibit translation elongation, leading to a parabolic dose–response pattern of stress granule assembly.