MUTACLASH: identifying functional small RNA target sites using crosslinking-induced mutations

Abstract

Small RNAs play essential roles in gene regulation across diverse biological processes. Crosslinking, ligation, and sequencing of hybrids (CLASH) experiments have revealed that PIWI and Argonaute proteins can each bind a wide range of mRNA targets with distinct base-pairing rules, raising questions about the flexibility and functional relevance of these interactions. Given that crosslinking-induced mutations (CIMs) provide single-nucleotide resolution molecular footprints of RNA-binding proteins, we developed MUTACLASH, a bioinformatics tool for systematically analyzing CIMs in CLASH data sets. Our analyses indicate that CIMs function as molecular footprints of Argonaute binding on target mRNAs. Specifically, for Caenorhabditis elegans miRNA and piRNA CLASH data, CIMs are enriched at the center of small RNA binding sites, as well as at nucleotides within mRNA target sites that exhibit local mismatches in piRNA interactions. Furthermore, we show that mRNAs with noncanonical miRNA and piRNA binding sites and/or low hybrid abundance marked by CIMs exhibit stronger regulatory effects than those without CIMs, demonstrating the utility of CIM analysis in identifying functional small RNA binding sites, including those that are otherwise likely overlooked with current analysis tools.