Understanding off-target growth defects introduced to influenza A virus by synonymous recoding

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FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 1.

CpG enrichment in segment 5 of the IAV genome results in ZAP-independent attenuation. WT PR8, CDLR control, and CpGH viruses were used to infect permissive cells and counterpart ZAP-pathway knockout cells at MOI 0.01 for 48 h, and infectious virus production was measured. (A) A549-cas9 or paired ZAP−/− cell infections. (B) HEK293-cas9 or paired TRIM25−/− cell infections. (C) A549-cas9 or paired KHNYN−/− cell infections.

This Article

  1. Published in Advance August 12, 2025, doi: 10.1261/rna.080675.125 RNA 31: 1557-1574

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