The life and times of a tRNA

A schematic of modifications and the corresponding genes found in cytoplasmic tRNA in S. cerevisiae. The tRNA secondary structure has gray circles indicating residues without known modifications and blue numbered circles indicating residues with modifications, for each of which the boxed text indicates the corresponding modification and the required gene products. a and b represent nucleotides N_20a and N_20b, which are found in some tRNAs. Names in all caps (ELP+, NCS+, KEOPS+) refer to the main text for the corresponding genes involved in modification. Conventional abbreviations are used; they are described in the Modomics database (https://genesilico.pl/modomics/) (Boccaletto et al. 2022). (Ψ) pseudouridine, (Am) 2′-O-methyladenosine, (Cm) 2′-O-methylcytidine, (m¹G) 1-methylguanosine, (m²G) 2-methylguanosine, (ac⁴C) 4-acetylcytidine, (D) dihydrouridine, (Gm) 2′-O-methylguanosine, (m^2,2G) N₂,N₂-dimethylguanosine, (m³C) 3-methylcytidine, (I) inosine, (m⁵C) 5-methylcytidine, (mcm⁵U) 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine, (mcm⁵s²U) 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, (ncm⁵U) 5-carbamoylmethyluridine, (ncm⁵Um) 5-carbamoylmethyl-2′-O-methyluridine, (m¹I) 1-methylinosine, (i⁶A) N⁶-isopentenyl adenosine, (yW) wybutosine, (t⁶A) N⁶-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, (ct⁶A) cyclic form of t⁶A, (Um) 2′-O-methyluridine, (m⁷G) 7-methylguanosine, (rT) ribothymidine, [Ar(p)] 2′-O-ribosyladenosine (phosphate).